Essay On Feed Forward Back Propagation - 1240 Words

In the present chapter Feed forward back propagation (FFBP), Layer recurrent and NARX artificial neural network structures with Levenberg – Marquardt training algorithm are suggested for estimation of the radius for a given resonant frequency of a centre feed microstrip patch antenna and it is demonstrated using a circular patch geometry. Through the particular chapter the effect of the variation in the resonant frequency on the radius and vice versa has been analysed using two-layered FFBP, Layer recurrent and NARX ANN models. The analysis model is developed for the determination of radius in this work because in usual practise the synthesis part comprised of finding the radius and the analysis part was about finding the resonant†¦show more content†¦dielectric constant (ÃŽ µr) = 4.3, loss tangent = 0.025, substrate thickness (h) = 1.6 mm, radius (a) = 20 mm, where the value of radius has been varied from 10mm radius (a) 50mm for calculating the resonant frequencies for the training and testing purpose. The graph of return loss vs. frequency is shown in figure 2.2. The example antenna is resonating at 3.3333 GHz. From the curve, it can be seen that the proposed circular microstrip antenna design is giving good return loss of -22.885dB at 3.3333 GHz. After simulating the example antenna with the predefined parameters the radius is varied and simulated with the help of CST in the specified ranges i.e. 10 mm ≠¤ radius ≠¤ 50 mm with an interval of 0.1 mm in between two successive values which are later used as data for ANN training, validating and testing. It is observed that as the radius of the circular patch increases, resonating frequency of the antenna decreases. Feed forward back propagation (FFBP), Layer recurrent and NARX neural networks are used to implement the analysis ANN models. These models are trained with Levenberg– Marquardt training algorithm. The transfer function used is tansig (tangent sigmoid) with learning rate = 0.1. The number of neurons is kept 10 in all the networks. In total 50 patterns are generated to evaluate the performance of proposed FFBP, Layer recurrentShow MoreRelatedBack Propagation For Classification ( Research Essay )3007 Words   |  13 PagesBack Propagation for Classification (Research Essay) Linfeng Gu Introduction This research essay mainly discusses back propagation used in artificial neural networks based on three research papers. From the second section, each section contains the discussion of one research paper. In the first research paper, researchers apply feed forward neutral networks with back propagation in medical fields and present several statistical normalization methods. [4] In the second research paper, researchersRead MoreAndrocentrism: Feminists for Equality2854 Words   |  12 Pagessecondary aid to the creation of life. It is easy to see in Aristotle’s composition that he views women as a secondary being to men, even from the first few paragraphs of these passages on generation. Women are not even given credit for child birth or propagation in these passages, and are instead openly criticized for things like birth defects, menstruation, and not dealing with child birth better. (25-27) It is also Aristotle who first describes women as a defective male, and thus sets the tone for theRead MoreConsequences of Joseph Stalins Leadership Essay examples3187 Words   |  13 Pages needed stabilising and capital invested in the major companies. Stalin implemented hard-line tactics to obtain this in the shortest possible time - the consequences of this method of developing the country are to be discussed in this essay. The politicians of the period had to contend Stalins ruthless quest to become the omnipotent and unopposed ruler of Russia. The communist system was a relatively new radical political system within Russia. Stalin felt that the lessRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagessustainable forests. . Brief Contents Preface List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements xiii xvii xix xx 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Introducing organization theory: what is it, and why does it matter? Modernist organization theory: back to the future? Neo-modernist organization theory: putting people first? Neo-modernist organization theory: surfing the new wave? Postmodernist organization theory: new organizational forms for a new millennium? Postmodernism as a philosophy: the ultimate

Food and nutrition free essay sample

Food is any substance normally eaten or drunk by living things. The term food also includes liquid drinks. Food is the main source of energy and of nutrition for animals, and is usually of animal or plant origin. There are 4 (four) basic food energy sources: fats, proteins, carbohydrates and alcohol. Historical development Humans are omnivorous animals that can consume both plant and animal products. We changed from gatherers to hunter gatherers. After the experience of the Ice Age t is probable that humans wanted to create some feeling of security by controlling what plants were growing and which animals were available. This led to agriculture, which has continually improved and altered the way in which food is obtained. In order to understand how we can enjoy greater health and wellbeing, we need to understand something about food. There are four essential groups of food. For health and wellbeing we require food from all the groups. The purpose of this page is to stress that ALL four groups of food are essential to health and wellbeing. Even hough we may be encouraged to eat less fat, this page stresses that the body requires at least some food from each of the groups every day. Many foods contain more than one group of food, and milk contains all groups of food. Food is often classified as: 1. Carbohydrate, including Fibre 2. Protein 3. Fat 4. Vitamins and Minerals Carbohydrates are substances that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. They are used in the body to produce energy. They include sugars and starches. Carbohydrates are usually obtained from plant sources. They are broken down in the body to form glucose, and any that is not immediately required in stored in the liver nd muscles as glycogen. Plants use carbohydrates to build structures and store any excess as starch, whereas, animals use protein. to build structures and store any excess as fat. Plants make carbohydrates from sunlight, water, chlorophyll, and carbon dioxide. We obtain them from plants, for example: cereals starchy roots legumes (pulses) vegetables and Fruits sugars, preserves and syrups Carbohydrates are mainly used by the body to produce energy. Where there is a lack of energy, we might think of carbohydrates. The energy in the body is used for: External activities (behavior), such as work, sport, leisure that is any movement of he body. Internal activities including breathing, pumping blood, digestion and the activities of the immune system. None-digestible carbohydrate (Fibre) Fibre, or roughage, refers to the non-digestible carbohydrates in vegetables and to a lesser extent in fruit. Fibre may actually be fibrous, as in celery, or may be a powder, or, when mixed with water in the intestines, a Jelly. Fibre provides: Bulk Lubrication, and Nutrition for friendly bacteria in the colon. When fibre is combined with water, it swells up and provides bulk to the digestive system. This makes it easier for food to pass through the intestines. Food also passes through the digestive system faster, so that waste products are retained for less time in the body. Some fibre has the effect of lubricating the contents of the intestines and, therefore, makes the food pass through easily and in a timely manner. The benefits here are the same as for bulk. In addition, friendly bacteria in the colon feed on fibre and they are therefore nourished by it. By helping these friendly bacteria, we enable them to help us to digest food. Also, by giving them support, they are more able to exclude other, less friendly bacteria, from our colons. Fibre is, therefore, ecessary for a healthy and efficient digestive system. Proteins Proteins are composed, like carbohydrates, of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, but with nitrogen. They may also contain sulphur and phosphorus. They are complex molecules composed of amino acids. Proteins are used by the body to: Enable growth, development and repair. Build structures such as muscles, tissues and organs, including the heart, lungs, digestive organs. Enzymes, such as those required for digestion. Hormones, such as those for the endocrine glands. Proteins, therefore, are needed not only for obvious body structures, such as muscles, ut also for the immune and digestive systems, etc. Complete proteins are obtained from meat, fish and dairy products including eggs. Proteins can also be obtained from certain combinations of foods, for example, cereals and beans. Fats and oils Fats are substances that are not soluble in water. They are composed of fatty acids and glycerol. Fats are also called lipids. Sources of fat include animal meat, fish, and vegetable oils. Fats are used by the body: In every cell structure. Especially to build nerves and brain. The brain is 40% fat. To insulate the body. To produce sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormone To produce cholesterol (essential for cell membranes and bile salts, for example). To absorb certain vitamins (A, D, E, and K). To store energy. Fats have got themselves a bad name in recent times, yet they are an essential food. That is, the body requires its intake of fat every day for health and, especially, well being. Like the other groups of food, when the body does not get the fat it needs, then illness results. Vitamins and Minerals Vitamins are substances that are required in the diet for health and wellbeing. They are often grouped as fat-soluble or water-soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins are vitamins A, D, E and K. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamins C and B. Minerals are non- organic substances that are required in the diet. While only small amounts of minerals are required in our diet, they are critical in building bones and teeth, regulating heartbeat and transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues. Vitamins and minerals occur in a variety of foods. That is, by eating a variety of foods, you can get the necessary vitamins and minerals you need for health. Deficiencies and excesses in any of these groups of foods produce illness and owered wellbeing. Western diets are especially deficient in the minerals calcium and iron and in the Omega 3 fatty acids. Calcium is obtained from, for example, milk and from eating canned salmon including the bones (salmon also contains Omega 3 fatty acids). Iron is often obtained from meat, especially liver. Lacto-vegeterians can get their calcium from milk, and vegans (who do not eat any animal products) can get their calcium from fortified soy milk. To obtain your calcium requirements from non- animal sources, you would have to eat a very large amount of vegetables or fruits.